A centrifuge apparatus for sedimentation study

ABSTRACT

Method and means for the study of the sedimentation characteristics of whole blood involving the application of greater than gravity force laterally to a thin, substantially vertically oriented column of whole blood in a predetermined cyclic series of intermittent applications, the column being physically rotated about 180* about its own axis between each application. A centrifuge apparatus is described for applying a G force in the range of 6.25 to 8 G laterally to the long axis of plural test sample columns arranged substantially vertically in holders provided on the centrifuge head. Means are described for causing rotation of the sample columns about their own vertical axes between each periodic spin cycle of said centrifuge head and only between applications of said G force. A preferred test operation using four 45 second duration applications of said G force is described with rotation of the columns being effected by reversal of the centrifuge head at the end of each 45 second force application. Other cycles are described which give results correlatable with the results obtained using recognized standardized sedimentation test procedures. The cycle of 45 second duration applications provides test results independent of the effect of the hematocrit of the particular sample.

[ 5] Nov. 19, 1974 CENTRIFUGE APPARATUS FOR SEDIMENTATION STUDY [75] Inventor: Brian S. Bull, Loma Linda, Calif.

[73] Assignee: Coulter Electronics, Inc., Hialeah,

Fla.

[22] Filed: Sept. 27, 1972 [21] Appl. No.: 292,540

Related US. Application Data [60] Division of Ser. No. 191,336, Oct. 22, 1971, which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 113,166, Feb. 8, 1971, abandoned.

3,151,073 9/1964 Anthon 3,199,775 8/1965 Drucker 233/25 3,235,173 2/1966 Unger 233/27 X Primary ExaminerGeorge l-l. Krizmanich Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Silverman & Cass [5 7] ABSTRACT Method and means for the study of the sedimentation characteristics of whole blood involving the application of greater than gravity force laterally to a thin, substantially vertically oriented column of whole blood in a predetermined cyclic series of intermittent applications, the column being physically rotated about 180 about its own axis between each application. A centrifuge apparatus is described for applying a G force in the range of 6.25 to 8 G laterally to the long axis of plural test sample columns arranged substantially vertically in holders provided on the centrifuge head. Means are described for causing rotation of the sample columns about their own vertical axes between each periodic spin cycle of said centrifuge head and only between applications of said G force. A preferred test operation using four 45 second duration applications of said G force is described with rotation of the columns being effected by reversal of the centrifuge head at the end of each 45 second force application. Other cycles are described which give results correlatable with the results obtained using recognized standardized sedimentation test procedures. The cycle of 45 second duration applications provides test results independent of the effect of the hematocrit of the particular sample.

20 Claims, 12 Drawing Figures A CENTRIFUGE APPARATUS FOR SEDIMENTATION STUDY CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application is a division of co-pending application Ser. No. 191,886 filed Oct. 22, 1971, entitled METHOD AND MEANS FOR SEDIMENTATION STUDY, the latter application being a continuationin-part of application Ser. No. 113,166, filed Feb. 8, 1971, entitled SEDIMENTATION RATE TEST METHOD AND SEDIMENTATION RATE CENTRI- FUGE THEREFOR, now abandoned.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates generally to diagnostic examination of whole blood and more particularly concerns the provision of centrifuge apparatus for whole blood sedimentation study.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION It is well known that the suspension stability of whole human blood is altered in the presence of many functional disorders. The determination of this characteristic generally has been effected by performance of wellknown standardized sedimentation tests in the course of clinical analysis. Using the sedimentation test results, the presence of more or less occult disease can be brought to medical attention. Such results particularly are of importance in the differential diagnosis as between functional disorders having closely similar symptomatic manifestations, as well as in supplying a guide to the progress of certain diseases. Accordingly, it is believed that substantial benefit could be obtained in the diagnosis and treatment of medical disorders by the establishment of sedimentation study procedures which would produce comparative information quickly and economically so that a sedimentation study could become a routine procedure in clinical examination. However, as practiced presently, the sedimentation test is too time consuming, too affected by laboratory introduced artifacts and subject to misinterpretation in anemic individuals, so that the test is not a test offered to every patient as a routine clinical test procedure such as a blood count, for example.

Present methodology involves essentially the mixing of a whole blood sample with a selected anticoagulant, introducing this well mixed sample in a vertically arranged glass tube and permitting the red cells of the sample to sediment under the influence of gravity. This process is slow, usually taking 60 or more minutes. The only accepted variations in this method takes the form, singly or in combination, merely of changing the length of the glass tubes employed, varying the bore of such tubes, careful selection of the anticoagulant employed and/or modification of the degree of dilution utilized. None of these variations have alleviated the principal drawback to adoption of the sedimentation test as a routine procedure, this drawback being that present I sedimentation rate tests methods are too time consuming for routine employment or mass studies.

Another important deterrent to adoption of sedimentation testing as a routine procedure has been the extreme sensitivity of this test to the arrangement of the test sample in an absolutely vertical orientation for the duration of the test. It has been found that a sample column which is oriented at only a 3 offset from vertical will result in inconsistent acceleration of the sedimentation rate and reduces the relative differences between the comparative normal and abnormal blood sedimentation characteristics, thereby reducing the value of the test in diagnosis.

Accordingly, it is the principal object of the invention to provide an improved sedimentation study method for whole blood which meets the requirements for rapidity, economy, accuracy and reliability essential for adoption as a mass applied clinical laboratory test procedure, and, concomitant therewith, to provide a sedimentation rate centrifuge particularly adapted for implementing and carrying out the steps of the improved study method.

Another object of this invention is to provide an improved sedimentation study method which provides comparative information on the sedimentation behavior of whole blood from normal persons and from persons suffering from functional disorders, this information being provided quickly and with reliability, the method being free from the sensitivity of prior methods to disposition of the test samples during performance thereof; and also which results can be obtained approximately equivalent to standard methods of sedimentation testing and also can provide a sedimentation study result independent of hematocrit effect of the sample.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A sedimentation study method for whole blood comprising the steps of applying greater than gravity force less than 8.25 G laterally to a substantially vertically oriented column of whole blood sample in a repeated series of applications and rotating the column about its own vertical axis between each application of force; thereafter determining the concentration of cells in the resulting packed portion of said sample. According to the subject method, a comparison is made between the start level and the treated level. The column may be then fully packed by centrifugation at G or the like and a comparison again made to the treated column level. A ratio then is determined of the two results to provide a hematocrit independent value. A centrifuge apparatus is provided for implementing the subject method, comprising a centrifuge head and a motor, the centrifuge head carrying at least a pair of sample tube holders arranged to orient the samples in substantially vertical columnar array, drive means connected between the motor and the centrifuge head for rotating same, means associated with the head and tube holders for rotating the tube holders about their own vertical axes and timing means operable on said drive means for operating the centrifuge head in timed cycles with the centrifuge head being brought substantially to a rest condition between cycles and means to restrict the rotation of the tube holders about their own vertical axes to periods during which the centrifuge head is at substantial rest condition.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representationillustrating an improved sedimentation rate study method-according to the invention;

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the sedimentation rate centrifuge constructed in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 3 is a vertical section taken through the centrifuge of FIG. 2 along the line 3-3 and in the direction indicated;

FIG. 4 is a vertical section taken through line 4-4 of FIG. 2 and in the direction indicated;

FIG. 5 is a top plan view of the centrifuge arrangement as shown in FIG. 2;

FIG. 6 is a vertical section taken through a modified embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a further modified embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 8 is a top plan view of the centrifuge arrangement illustrated in FIG. 7 with portions broken away to show interior detail.

FIG. 9 is a diagrammatic representation of the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 7.

FIG. 10 is a bottom view of the timing means utilized in the embodiment of FIG. 7.

FIG. 11 is an elevational view of the centrifuge head of the embodiment'illustrated in FIG. 7.

FIG. 12 is a fragmentary sectional view taken along line l2-l2 of FIG. 8.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The method of studying the sedimentation characteristics of whole blood in accordance with the invention, capitalizes in part upon the fact that the blood from a normal, healthy individual has greater suspension stability than does blood from a sick individual. Three phases are known to occur during the sedimentation of whole blood. The first is characterized as the phase of rouleaux formation. During this phase, the red cells of the whole blood stack together in what is defined in the art as rouleaux. This phase occupies the first few minutes subsequent to filling of the sedimentation tube with sample. Next begins the phase of maximum sedimentation wherein after about 3 to 5 minutes, the red cell rouleaux reach their maximum velocity of fall. This velocity is dictated by the average density of the rouleaux and the viscosity of the plasma through which they are falling. The last phase concerned is characterized as the packing phase. As the rouleaux reach the bottom of the sedimentation tube, they pack and, as a consequence, the average rate of fall decreases and eventually, when packing is complete, no further change occurs.

The samples from both normal and sick individuals, given enough time, will pack to approximately the same extent; but the blood samples from the ill patient goes through the rouleaux formation phase and into the phase of maximum velocity of fall more rapidly than does the blood from a healthy individual. An isolated red cell is so small a particle that even though its density is considerably greater than that of the plasma, the large relative surface area becomes the overriding factor and an isolated red cell in plasma falls very slowly under the influence of gravity. The rate of fall of red cells is thus governed almost entirely by the size of the rouleaux which they form. The blood from a healthy individual forms such rouleaux much more slowly than does blood from a sick person. If both samples are set up simultaneously, there is a period of time when application of force greater than gravity to the blood will affect the blood from a healthy individual minimally and that from a diseased patient maximally. This crucial or critical time is obvious when the healthy blood has just only begun to form rouleaux and the sick blood has formed large rouleaux which have already begun to sediment.

It had been critical to the study of sedimentation rate that the conventional test must be performed under conditions where the sampel column is disposed in absolutely vertical orientation. A tilt as little as three degrees from verticalunder gravity will accelerate the sedimentation rate considerably, and decrease the relative differences between normal and abnormal blood. It is believed that this effect is due to the fact that red cells falling through the plasma hit the walls of the container and roll down the walls permitting the plasma free egress from the depth of the sample. Whenever the plasma is forced to traverse the descending column of red cells, the sedimentation rate is slowed. Normal red cell rouleaux fall much more slowly than do abnormal red cell rouleaux, probably because the forces holding them together are weaker and the upsweeping plasma either breaks them up or prevents them from forming large enough clumps to sediment rapidly. Accordingly, by applying a greater than gravity force to the sedimenting blood, according to the invention, the ascending plasma is forced to traverse the descending red cells. As will be explained, a slight inclination of the column up to about 6 from vertical is permissible with the method of the invention, particularly to avoid spilling of the sample during the run.

According to the invention, greater than gravitational force is applied laterally to a long thin column of whole blood sample by rotation thereof in a centrifuge capable of delivering a force in the range of 2 to 12 G with the test taking from hour at a minimum G to about 1 minute at the high end of the aforesaid range. The higher the G Force, the shorter the elapsed time of the test. The net effect is to force the red cells to traverse the plasma component of the blood over a very short distance since the effective cross-sectional area of the tube is now vast relative to the wall surface area and the red cells cannot collect in one portion of the tube against the wall so as to permit the plasma to escape freely elsewhere. Insofar as the sedimentation process is concerned, the long thin column has been transformed to a shallow wide diameter pool" and since the force is directed substantially perpendicular to the long axis of the column, the problems of channeling heretofore experienced in sedimentation testing are obviated.

The laterally applied force acts to pack the red cells rapidly, permitting the plasma physically to change location therewith and approach the final packing state over a much shorter time period, than normally would be expected under gravitational force.

One example utilizing the method according to the invention, permits the completion of the packing stage under gravity subsequent to the periodic application of the greater than gravity force and the level of the packed red cell rouleaux observed and compared with that of a normal blood standard sample treated under the same conditions.

Another example of the subject method involves the obtaining of a packing factor after the said periodic cycles and a second packing factor on maximum packing by centrifugation under more than G. The ratio of these factors is a value indicative of the presence of asymmetric protein, a fact important to state of health evaluations and independent of hematocrit.

The selection of the duration of the centrifugation cycles as well as their number are dependent also upon the speed of the drive or synchronous spinner motor utilized, the diameter of the column and of the sedimentation tube utilized, and the degree of cant or tilt permitted.

Another method of practicing the invention involves a program selected to use four cycles of applied force laterally to the column and of 45 second duration each. Between the first and second, the second and third and the third and fourth cycle of centrifugation, the columns are rotated about their own vertical axes. Care is taken to assure that the axial rotation of the columns take place only when the force applied laterally to the long axes of the columns is less than one G. This condition occurs when the column is at rest, substantially at rest or, to put it another way, begins its translation in its circumferential rotation with and on the centrifuge head. A friction or similar drag is applied directly to the head, that is, to the spool on which the columns ride, at the time each cycle is ending so that a gradual braking is effected so that the centrifuge head may be stopped without abrupt rotation of the columns. Abrupt stoppage of the columns must be avoided, and likewise, jarring or other sharp disturbance of the columns are avoided so that the cells which have separated from the plasma and gathered at the inner wall of the tube containing the test sample column will not be broken away from each other or from the tube wall. The cells in the column must rotate with the tube, and the column as the same is rotated in accord with the invention.

In accordance further with the method of the invention, between each application of greater than gravity force, the test sample column is rotated about its own long axis, preferably 180.

This seems to provide beneficial results in obtaining reproducible packing in alternatively permitting resuspending the cells by rotating the tube and its column contents and again effectively forcing those cells back through the plasma. Thus, according to the invention, cohesive forces are utilized during the centrifugation under the relatively low G force to force the cells against the wall and dispersion forces are utilized when the cells are forced back through the plasma by again centrifuging but after 180 rotation of the tube and column of test sample.

Clearly, the rotation of the tube containing the test sample column on its axis must be sufficiently gradual so as not to sever the adhesion between the column of cells and the tube wall. Sharp rotation will leave the cells, while the wall moves. Since the purpose generally of the aforesaid column rotation is to effectively force the cells through the plasma component of the sample so as to provide a reasonably reproducible packing factor, movement of the cells with tube wall during said tube rotation on its axis is mandatory.

Now referring to the diagrammatic flow chart of FIG. 1, attention is directed first to the sedimentation test method according to the invention. Following this method will provide test results equivalent to the Wintrobe standard method of sedrate testing. The blood sample S is taken from the patient by means of a syringe 12 or the like, transferred to a vessel and mixed with any one of a plurality of selected anticoagulants. A predetermined amount of mixed sample is placed in a long, thin tube, sometimes referred to in the art as a microhematocrit tube 16 and which constitutes the test sample. The tube 16 is filled to a standardized depth. The steps involved in the production of this test sample are well known in the art and is represented by box 14 in FIG. 1. The microhematocrit tube 16 generally of 2 mm diameter is placed substantially vertically in one of the tube holders 46 of the centrifuge 20. The other holders are likewise employed with other samples so that the centrifuge is balanced. As will be discussed later, other configurations of tube holders are contemplated.

The range of speed of rotation of the centrifuge 20 preferably is selected between 200 and 1,000 revolutions per minute so that an effective centrifugal force of approximately 7.25 is provided. The motor 22 of the centrifuge 20 is energized and the centrifuge is caused to operate, here in a clockwise direction, for a relatively short spin, say about 20 seconds. The centrifuge then is stopped and brought to rest. When the centrifuge is at rest or at least substantially at rest, the tube holder 18 and its tube 16 are caused to rotate about its own long axis and the centrifuge 20 again is caused to rotate, applying a force of approximately 6.25 to 8 G to the vertically oriented column of test sample in tube 16. This second rotation also is for a short duration, again about 20 seconds, after which the centrifuge 20 is brought to a rest condition and the tube holder 18 and the tube 16 therein again are rotated 180 about its own axis. A reversing motor is used so that the centrifuges direction of rotation is changed with each cycle. The rotation of the test column about its own axis may be in a direction opposite to the immediately preceding direction of rotation of the centrifuge 20 because it is easier to effect rotation of the tube and tube holder about their own long axes due to the inertia of the centrifuge head in starting. A unidirectional centrifuge also can be used with the direction of rotation of the tubes and tube holders about their own axes remaining unchanged from cycle to cycle.

The first two short spins are for the purpose of accelerating rouleaux formation by shunting the red cells back and forth through the plasma to cause them to collide without really effecting the sedimentation thereof. During these spins, the red cells are either isolated or at most in groups of two to four cells and as a result they are not moved any appreciable distance by the approximately 6.25 to 8 G force applied perpendicular to the long axis of the tubes during the first two short spins. The cells are moved further than they would move under gravity influence during this period and collisions between individual cells for the formation of rouleaux accelerated. After the pair of short spins, the rouleaux formation in blood from an ill person has taken place to a larger extent than it would if the blood sample originated from a normal or healthy person.

After the two short spins of about 20 seconds each and the rotation of the test column about its own vertical axis each thereafter, the rouleaux formation is such that the approximately 6.25 to 8 G force may be applied when the test sample is experiencing the second phase of sedimentation, that is the maximum velocity of descent of the formed rouleaux in the test sample from the ill person, a time whereat the sedimentation rate can be most effectively accelerated and compared to the reaction of the standard or normal test sample wherein rouleaux formation is barely initiated.

The centrifuge 20 is caused to rotate again to apply a force of approximately 6.25 to 8 G perpendicular to the long or vertical axis of the upstanding sample column, but this time, the application of said G force laterally to the column is continued for a period of about 60 seconds, a long enough period of time to move the red cell rouleaux physically to one side of the tube. After this longer centrifugation, the tubes and tube holders once again are brought to rest condition, and the said tubes and tube holders again are rotated 180 about their own axes. Two more 20 second spins follow with intermediate rotation of the tubes and tube holders about their own vertical axes. These final two spins are intended to aid the red cell column to re-establish itself in its vertical tube so that its level can be read. The rouleaux layer is permitted to fall free of plasma hindrance. The plasma component is permitted to escape from the red cell rouleaux column held against the tube wall. No hindrance to such passage can be expected since the cell column is held against the wall of the tube by the approximately 6.25 to 8 G force while the l G natural gravitational force applied axially causes them to travel to the bottom of the tube. The tubes, having been filled to a standard depth, the level of the packed cells is read by comparison to a fixed scale either mounted on the centrifuge head as shown in FIGS. 2, 6 and 8, for example, thereby being compared to the level of the packed cells observed in a standard or normal blood sample which had been treated similarly or simply matched to a coded chart carried on a separate card.

Following the method of the invention, at a force of about 6.25 to 8 G, the test duration after which meaningful test results can be observed in about 3 minutes as compared to convention sedimentation methods where meaningful results can only be reached after 60 minutes. I

It should be understood that the higher than G force applied, the shorter the elapsed time for the test. For example, the following time G table is appropriate:

APPROXIMATE Preferably the range of G force applied in the course of operating the particular embodiment is approximately 6.25 to 8 Gs with a generally preferred force application of 7.25 G.

One of the substantive disadvantages of conventional sedimentation test methods is the criticability of vertical orientation of the test column. With the method of the invention the slight inclination of the column is permissible. Inclination of the tubes from the vertical such that the lower end of the tube is further from the axis of rotation of the centrifuge head introduces a component of force up the tube and therefore in opposition to the gravitational force which is tending to move the particles down the tube. It thus slows the sedimentation process and increases the amount of time required to perform the test. Provided the inclination of the tube from the vertical is not excessive, there is no effect upon the test other than the increased time required ordinarily. Excessive can best be defined in the following manner. If the rotation of the centrifuge head is subjecting the tubes to a horizontal acceleration of 8 G, there will be a component of this force up the tube of 8 G times tangent theta where theta is the inclination between the tubes and the vertical. In this example, as the angle theta approaches 6, the upward component approaches 1 G. At 1 G there is effective neutralization of the gravitational force as long as the centrifuge is spinning and during this time period, which occupies slightly more than half of the usual cycle, the cells will move neither up nor down the tube; they will of course move outwards. For remainder of the cycle the cells are under 1 G and will, of course, travel downwards; the net effect is simply to prolong the time required to perform the test. The time gets shorter and shorter as the tubes are returned more and more to the vertical position and indeed continues to shorten if the tubes are inclined with their top ends inwards. But with further inclination beyond about 6 instability and irreproducibility become a problem. The effective limits therefore are from vertical with an inward or outward cant of approximately 6 if the force applied is in the range of 8 Gs. Thus one can state that the greater than gravity force (relative centrifugal force) is applied to a column inclined at an angle theta from the vertical such that the relative centrifugal force applied times the tangent of the angle theta is a value equal to or less than 1.

The cycles set forth as an example in FIG. 1 give results in terms of a sedimentation rate correlative with and equivalent to the value obtained by following the well known Wintrobe method of sedimentation rate determination. A result approximately equivalent to other standard method values can be obtained by variation of the number and duration of the cycles.

One problem which is encountered in interpreting sedimentation rate information as applied to medical diagnosis is the effect that the hematocrit has upon the sedimentation rate and the difficulty in ascribing the effect of an anaemic condition upon the observed value. It is extremely difficult to apply corrections to observed sedimentation rates to correct for the effect of the hematocrit thereupon. An anaemic blood sample may be observed to have a certain sedimentation rate which otherwise may indicate an abnormal functional condition or which may be due to the anaemia condition. Correction for the effect of hematocrit upon the sedimentation rate observed was not possible routinely using conventional sedimentation rate testing methods. However, it has been observed that the effect of hematocrit in the method according to the invention is a linear one and a hematocrit correction chart can be constructed. A simple mathematical correction to all observed sedimentation rates observed following the method of the invention whereby all sedimentation rates can be reported at a standard or normal hematocrit, say for example, 45 percent. Thus heretofore experienced misinterpretation of the results in anaemic individuals may be eliminated.

In lieu of the standardized sedimentation rate values obtained, say pursuant to the method outlined in FIG. 1, one following another example of such method may obtain information independent of the hematocrit factor. Here, the cycles are of substantially of equal duration; in one example, 45 seconds under the 6.25 8 G applied in four cycles with rotation of the tubes and columns about their own vertical axes between each cycle. A ratio of initial to packing level is taken. The tubes may then be packed to a maximum extent by application of G force of at least 100 G and a ratio of the first and maximum packing levels taken. The ratio of the resultant maximum packing factor and the first packing factor is taken with the resultant value, here termed a ZSR, a value independent of hematocrit fluctuations.

In summary, in following the method of the invention as described above, the red cell sedimentation has been accelerated by increasing the greater than gravity force applied at the time when abnormal blood would be most sensitive to the multi G effect than blood from a normal healthy person, this time being during the maximum velocity phase of sedimentation reached prior to the time it would be reached if the sample were from a normal healthy person. Further, the multi G force is applied laterally to a thin vertically oriented column of blood sample to obviate the problems of channelizing occurring where sedimentation does not act absolutely parallel with the walls of the vessel containing the sample column; the container effectively being transformed from the long thin vertically arranged tube to one which has a wide diameter. The intermittent rotation of the column about its own vertical axis between the centrifugal spins is intended to hold the red cells on one side of the column while permitting the plasma to move on the other side so that, in effect, the red cells are repeatedly forced to move through the plasma with a reproduced packing factor being the ultimate result.

The performance of the method above described required a centrifuge capable of applying the preferably G force in the range of 6.25 to 8 G in separate cycles of predetermined duration. The centrifuge is required to rotate the tube containing the sample in a circumferential path about the axis of rotation with the tube being in substantially vertically oriented disposition parallel to' the axis of rotation of the centrifuge head although a cant from vertical of up to 6 is permitted, contrary to standard sedimentation rate methods. Additionally, the centrifuge is required not only to permit rotation of the tube along said circumferential path for a predetermined length of time and then the tube periodically must be brought at least to a momentary substantially rest or stationary 'condition, then rotated about its own axis a predetermined number of degrees, and the rotation of the tube along said circumferential path resumed for the next cycle of greater than G force application. At least, the rotation of the tube about its axis must not occur during the application of greater than G force.

The centrifuge also should have timing means T for selectively controlling and/or varying the duration of the cycles. According to the method of FIG. 1, the duration of the successive cycles are not equal but follow a definite program. Another example of the subject method has successive equal duration cycles. The greater the G force, the shorter the cycles and total elapsed time. In addition to the means required to rotate the individual test sample holders between cycles when the centrifuge is brought to a substantially rest condition, the centrifuge must be provided with means whereby the tube holder is brought to rest or at least substantially to rest in its travel along its circumferential path before the rotation of the tube holder about its vertical axis can take place. This feature is required so that the contents of the sample tube carried by the tube holder, that is, the column itself, will rotate with the rotation of tube and tube holder. Too rapid angular acceleration or rotation centrifugally tends to result in slippage, the contents of the sample tube having a tendency to remain stationary while the tube and tube holder rotate. This must be avoided. According to the method of the invention, the column contents of the sample tube must rotate axially with the tube wall and care must be taken to assure only such rotation.

The centrifuge 20 constructed in accordance with the invention andillustrated in FIGS. 1 to 5 comprises a motor 22, generally one which is reversible, for rotating a head 24 in the range of 200 to 1,000 R.P.M. Generally, the speed of rotation can be varied easily by selection of heads of different diameter. The effective force output preferred is in the range of 6.25 to 8 G. The shaft of the motor 22 is coupled to the head 24 by fastening means 28.

The head 24 comprises a body or spool 30 mounted for rotation on a shaft 32. The shaft 32 has an enlarged end 34 having a passage 36 to receive the shaft 26 of the motor 22. A spur wheel 38 having circumferential teeth 40 is mounted at the opposite end of shaft 32 coaxial with the spool 30. A locking ring 41 is fastened to the shaft 32 by fastening means, such as screw 42. The spur wheel 38 rotates with the shaft 32. The spool 30 carries a plurality of openings 44 circumferentially disposed to receive tube holders 46. The tube holders 46 are arranged in diametrically opposed pairs for balance, only one pair being shown in the FlGS. l-6 for convenience. Each of the tube holders 46 is provided with a pinion wheel 48 either secured frictionally or otherwise thereto or integral therewith. The body of holder 46 may be transparent so that the tube 16 may be viewed and a graduated scale 52 mounted on the spool 30 adjacent the tube holder for reference in reading. Theopenings 44 are so arranged that the pinion wheels 48 mesh with the circumferential teeth 40 of the spur wheel 38. Each tube holder 46 is-constructed with a top opening bore 50 capable of receiving in vertical orientation, the microhematocrit tube 16 which contains the sample of blood to be tested. Each tube holder 46 may have a leaf spring 51 within the bore as an aid in maintaining the proper disposition of the tube. An upstanding pin 54 is secured to the upper disc 56 of the spool and a slot 58 is providedin the spur wheel 38. Slot 58 is configured in the form of a segment of an are, as shown in FIG. 5. The length of the slot is selected to assure that the rotation of the pinion wheel 48 is taken through exactly The spool 30 is mounted to the shaft 32 so that it is freely rotatable, the spur wheel 38 being secured so that it rotates with shaft 32. After the pin 54 reaches the end of slot 58, no further rotation of the pinion wheel 48 can take place. The motor 22 is brought to rest and then started in the reverse direction. At this time, the pinion wheel 48 must first rotate, owing to the inertia of the spool 30, until the pin 54 reaches the other end of the slot 58. Thus, the carrier tube and hence the microhematocrit tube 16 is caused to rotate exactly 180 with each reversal of the driving motor 22.

Deceleration of the motor 22 before it stops, has the same effect on the spool 30 as the reversal of the motor, so that the 180 rotation of the tube 16 takes place before the tube 16 comes to rest. The tubes must be at rest before rotation about their own axes to avoid rotation only of the tubes rather than the column. This problem can be overcome by introducing a constant drag on the spool 30 such as, for example, a magnetic induction brake or a friction pad (not shown).

A preferred method of alleviating the said deceleration effect is the provision of an interlocking device designated generally by reference character 60 (FIG. 4). The interlocking device 60 comprises a metal strip 61 pivotally secured to a block 62 which, in turn, is attached to the inside wall of disc 56 of the spool 30. The strip 61 is pivoted as at 64 to move in radial slot 66. A weight or mass 68 is provided at the lower end of strip 61 and secured thereto. When the spool 30 is rotating, the mass 68 is held radially outward of the spool 30 so that the strip 61 engages the spur wheel 38. This condition remains until the motor speed falls to zero. At this time, the mass 68 falls to its rest position and the strip 61 disengages from the wheel 38. It should be noted that the teeth of the spur wheel between the correct engagement positions are omitted as indicated at 70 in FIG. 5. In lieu of the pin and slot arrangement specifically illustrated in FIGS. 2, 4 and 5, one can utilize a spoked wheel gear instead of wheel 38, with a pair of pins disposed between the spokes so as to limit the rotation of the pinion gear 48 and with it, the sample tube and test column therewithin.

In FIG. 6, there is illustrated a sedimentation rate centrifuge 20' which has been modified so as to obviate the need for a reversing motor, utilizing instead a magnetic solenoid electrically interlocked so that the 180 rotation of the tubes can be brought about entirely by the same. The centrifuge 20 incorporates a motor 22 and a head 24'. The motor 20' drives the shaft 32 by means of reduction gears 72 and 74. The shaft 32' carries a pair of spaced discs 76 and 76' which are secured thereto for rotation therewith. A helical splined portion 78 is likewise fixed to the shaft 17 to rotate therewith. A spur wheel 80 engages with the splined portion 78 of the shaft 17 so that longitudinal movement of the spur wheel 80 with respect to the splined portion 78, causes the spur wheel 80 to rotate with respect to the shaft 17 by an amount sufficient to rotate pinion wheels 48' through 180. The pinion wheels 48 each carries a chuck or holder 46' into which the lower end of a microphematocrit tube 16 can be inserted. Aligned openings 82 are provided in disc 76' so as to support the microhematocrit tube 16 in vertical orientation, parallel to the rotational axis of shaft 17.

The lower face of spur wheel 80 carries a thrust race 84 which can be urged upwards by means of the lever 86 mounted for vertical pivotable movement about shaft 88. The thrust race 84 comprises a receptor ring 90 secured to the lower face of spur wheel 80 and a lower ring 92 having protrusions 94 arranged for engagement with shallow recesses 96 formed in ring 90. The end 98 of lever 86, remote from the race 84, is operated by means of solenoid 100. When the solenoid 100 is not energized, the spur wheel'80 is urged downward by light, annular spring 102, arranged disposed between disc 76 and the spur wheel 80.

The assembly consisting of the shaft 32' with its splined portion 78, the discs 76 and 76 and the pinions 48' rotate together in suitable bearings (not shown) while the motor 22, the solenoid 100 and the lever 86 remain stationary.

Energization of the solenoid will rotate the tubes 52 through 180 whether the motor 22' is running or not so that to meet the requirements of the method set forth above, is necessary only electrically to interlock the operation of the solenoid with the stopping and starting of the motor 22' so that the required sequence is obtained. Engagement and disengagement of the thrust race 84, which acts as a clutch, effects the selective rotation of the tubes 16 along their own vertical axes, which, of course, lies offset from the axis of rotation of the centrifuge 20.

A further modified embodiment of the centrifuge apparatus according to the invention is illustrated in FIG. 7 and designated by reference character 100. Apparatus 100 as described herein particularly is adapted to practice the method of the invention where the cycle utilized comprises four cycles of 45 second duration applications of greater than gravity force laterally to substantially vertically arranged columns of whole blood with means provided to effect limited rotation of each column about its own axis between each force ap plication by reversal of the direction of rotation of the centrifuge head after each cycle.

The centrifuge apparatus 100 includes a housing 102, including a troughlike portion 104 and a cover 106. Wall 108 of housing 102 carries exterior accessible switch levers 110 and 112 for activating the power and buzzer means respectively which will be described hereinafter. Indicator lights 114 and 116 likewise are provided. Start switch 118 for initiating each test operation is provided.

The electrical control components of apparatus 100 are mounted within the troughlike portion while the head, centrifuge 120, drive means 122, and the timing means 124 are mounted on the cover portion, the centrifuge head being removably mounted to the protruding portion of the motor drive shaft 154 of means 122. The drive means 122 and timer means 124 are mounted to be enclosed within the housing 102 when the cover 106 is engaged onto the portion 104.

The centrifuge head comprises a spool formed by mounting a spinner plate 126 fixedly secured to the shaft 128 for rotation therewith, and mounting a disc 130 to the upper end of said shaft 128 with the disc 130 arranged coaxial with said spinner plate 126 and being rotatable therewith. The shaft 128 is secured to the motor drive shaft 154 as by suitable means such as set screw 127.

Gear support means 132 is arranged secured to the cover 106 and includes a collar portion 192 having a flat upper surface 192', and a circumferential flange portion which is fastened to the cover 106. The spur gear 134 has a circumferential ring portion 134' carrying circumferential teeth 134" and a central disc portion 135 to which it is fixedly mounted and by which the spur gear is mounted for independent rotation about the shaft 128, that is, independent of rotation of the spinner plate 126. A coating or film of thin machine oil or vacuum pump oil is applied to the surface 192' of collar portion 192 to provide a friction drag upon the disc portion 135 which rests thereupon, and which, of course is transferred to the ring gear 134 and thereby is applied directly to the spinner plate 126.

Tube holders 136, similar to holders 46', are mounted on spinner plate 126 for movement therewith about the axis of shaft 128. The holders are spaced circumferentially substantially equidistant one relative to the other closely adjacent the peripheral edge of the spinner plate 126. Each tube holder 136 has a top opening cavity 137 defined therein to receive the lower end of sample tube 150 and has resilient means for gripping said tube seated therein, such as O-ring 139. Each holder is mounted on the upper end of a shaft 138 which extends through suitable openings formed in said plate 126. Pinion gears 140 fixedly are secured to the opposite ends of each shaft 138 thereby mounting the holders 136 on plate 126. The holders 136 are rotatable with rotation of gears 140.

A spur gear in the form of ring gear 134 is arranged so that its teeth 134" are meshed with the plural pinion gears 140. Thus, rotation of the plate 126 will effect rotation of gears 140 while the ring gear 134 remains stationary, rotating holders 136 about their own vertical axes independent of the rotation of the shaft 128. Limit means in the form of the upstanding pin 142 secured to the support means 132 and movable within the limit slot 144 formed in the spinner plate 126 is provided to limit the independence of movement of the spinner plate 126 and gear 134, thereby limiting the degree of rotation of the gears 140 about their own axes. The limit means described may be said to comprise a lost motion coupling between the plate 126 and gear 134.

The disc 130 has a plurality of bottom opening recesses 146 formed equispaced about the peripheral edge thereof and arranged in alignment with the axes of the holders 136 but slightly offset inwardly therefrom so that one end of the sample tube 150 can be seated within cavity 137 of holder 136 and the upper end retained within the respectively matching recess 146 to position the tube substantially vertically arranged but canted inwardly at its upper end toward the shaft 128. Thus, when properly seated, tubes 150 are disposed, canted inwardly from true vertical between 30 and 6, preferably by 3 and generally not more than about 6. 1n this disposition, the tendency for the contents of the tube to be flung outward during the application of higher than gravity force on rotation or spinning of the centrifuge head 120 materially is reduced.

Motor mount 152 is secured to the undersurface of cover' 106 with the drive shaft 154 thereof protruding through a suitable opening formed in said cover 106. The drive means 122 for the apparatus 100 is supplied by a 400 RPM, 60 HZ, l volt AC reversible direction motor 156. Here, motor 156 causes centrifugal force between 6. and 8 G to be applied laterally to the tubes 150 during the spin of header 120. The particular size and RPM drive motor selected determines the centrifugal force exerted on the tubes 150, and thereby is an important factor in selection of the duration of greater than gravity application cycle and program.

The method of the invention requires application of the greater than gravity force laterally and periodically to the sample in the tube, i.e., the sample tube 150 and the column of blood therein. The duration of each cycle generally can be selected to provide results coorelative with specifically known blood sedimentation methods.

With apparatus 100, timer means 124 is provided to effect rotation of the spinner plate automatically through a sequence of four cycles of 45 seconds duration with the reversal of direction and rotation of the columns 180 about their own axes between each application of centrifugal force.

In the apparatus illustrated, the timer motor 156 is an AC 60 cycle, 1 10 volt motor delivering 20 RPH.

The timing means 124 operates switch means 184, 186 which operates relays 184" and 186" automatically taking the sample columns through the selected test program.

A timing means 124 comprises a timer motor 158 mounted on platform 159, which in turn is secured suspended below the cover 106 by means of bolts 160 and spacers 162. The resultant drive shaft 164 of motor 158 is passed through a suitable opening in the platform 159 and wheel gear 166 is mounted at the free end thereof for rotation therewith. A second wheel gear 168 is coupled to gear 166 and is driven thereby. Gear 168 is fixedly secured to shaft 170 for rotation therewith. One end of shaft 170 is seated in journal 172 and the other end carries timer disc 176. Timer disc 176 is secured to shaft 170 and continuously rotates therewith so long as timer motor 156 operates through the complete test program. The timer disc 176 has three paddle assemblies 178, 178' and 178" mounted thereto about the periphery thereof with the paddles 180, and 180" extending outwardly from the circumferential edge thereof in vertical planes normal to the axis of shaft 170. As illustrated, disc 176 is rotatable in the direction of arrow 177 with the paddle assemblies 178, 178' and 178" fixed in an equispaced series along said path. An upstanding pin 182 is secured normal to the disc 176 and rotates therewith. The paddle assemblies 178, 178' and 178", when considering the direction of rotation of the disc, can be said to be substantially equispaced one relative to the others with paddle assemblies 180 and 180" being disposed 180 apart. A pair of push-button activated switches 184 and 186 are arranged with their actuators 184' and 186" mounted to suitable bracket means (not shown) secured to the platform 159 so that the actuator 184 of switch 184 is arranged in the path of travel of the paddles 180, 180' and 180" of paddle assemblies 178, 178 and 178" whereby each respective paddle can engage and depress said actuator 184' by engaging same during passage therepast during rotation of the disc 176.

The actuator 186' of switch 186 is positioned to intercept the pin 182 whereby the continuing rotation of disc 176 causes pin 182 first to bear against actuator 186' to depress same. On passing of said pin 182 past actuator 186, said actuator returns to its normal condition. The switch 184 is connected to relay assembly 184" which is electrically coupled to the reversible synchronous drive motor 156 to cause reversing of the direction of said motor each time the actuator 184' is depressed. The switch 186 is connected to relay assembly 186" operatively coupled electrically to both the drive motor 156 and to the buzzer means 190. Depression of the actuator 186' energizes the buzzer 190 and release of the actuator 186' from engagement with the pin 182, causes de-energization of the drive or spinner motor 156.

A friction or other drag is applied to the centrifuge head 120 so that application of braking force to the motor 156 on de-energization of the same, causes a braking force to be applied directly to the head. Accordingly, the tubes 150 and the columns of test samples therein will be prevented from being rotated about their own vertical axes at least until the centrifuge head 120 starts up after coming to a substantially full stop, however momentary.

The friction drag described may be applied by means of the engagement of the collar portion 192 of gear support means 132 with the facing surface of gear 134 and the provision of a coating or film of light machine oil sandwiched therebetween. Instead of the collar portion 192 being an upstanding ring integral with the support means 132, it may take the form of a foam collar (not shown) secured thereto or even arranged coaxial about the shaft 128. This oil interface friction drag arrangement is illustrated in detaIl in FIG. 12.

An example in testing operation utilizing apparatus 100 now will be described. Samples of whole blood are taken and placed respectively in closed end, elongate tubes known as sedimentation tubes. The tubes are filled with sample to a predetermined level mark. The tubes containing the test samples are placed between the disc 130 and the spinner plate 126, the lower ends of the tubes seated within the tube holders 136 while the upper ends are seated in the recesses 146 and held firmly by the resilient means 139. The switch levers 110 and 112 are actuated respectively activating the apparatus 100. The start toggle switch 118 is actuated initiating the test procedure and causing the spinner motor 156 to operate in one direction, say clockwise. Greater than gravity force in the range of 6.25 to 8 G is applied to the column of sample in each tube as the centrifuge head 120 is spun.

When motor 156 is energized to spin head 120, motor 158 is energized simultaneously to rotate disc 176. Timer disc 176 rotates to bring paddle 180 in contact with the actuator 184'. Disc 176 continues to rotate so as to carry paddle 180 past said actuator 184'. In passing, the paddle 180 depresses the actuator 184', causing the spinner motor 156 to reverse direction. This occurs 45 seconds after initiation of the spinner operation.

ln reversing direction, the centrifuge head 120 comes to a momentary halt with the pin 142 at one end of the opening or slot 144. The centrifuge head 120 then begins to rotate in the clockwise direction. The gear 134, being mounted for free rotation about the shaft 128, will remain stationary. The pinion gears 140 being mounted on the spinner plate 126, and meshed with the gear 134, will move along the circumference of now stationary gear 134 and will rotate about their respective axes until engagement of the pin 142 at the opposite end of the eccentric slot 144 will drive the gear 134 with the rotation of the spinner plate 126, limiting the rotation of the pinion gears 140 to 180. The rotation of the pinion gears 140 rotates the tube holders 136 and with same, the tubes 150 and the column of blood sample will be rotated. The braking must be gradual and not abrupt so that separation of the column from the inner tube wall will not occur. This is accomplished by the friction drag applied to plate 126. The column must rotate with the tube wall.

The spinner motor 156 operates to drive the centrifuge head 120 in a clockwise direction for the next cycle of 45 seconds. At the elapse of 45 seconds, the next paddle 180 will have brought around to depress the actuator 184 and cause a second reversal of the spinner motor 156. The spinner plate 126 again is brought to a momentary halt, and, in reversing direction, first moves relative to the gear 134 to bring the pin now at the other end of the slot 144, back to the first,

or now opposite end of said slot 144. The pinion gears have thus been rotated 180 about their own axes before any appreciable centrifugal force has been generated.

On completion of the movement of the pin 142 in the slot 144, and engagement of said pin 142 with the spinner plate 126, the spinner plate and the gear 134 are locked for rotation together, now in the counterclockwise direction for another 45 seconds until the spinner motor direction is reversed by engagement of the paddle 180" against the actuator 184 of switch 184 depressing same. The pinion gears 140 and hence, the holders 136, tubes and test sample columns therein, again are rotated about their own axes between applications of centrifugal force.

Coupled rotation of the spinner plate 126 and gear 134 is resumed for another and final 45 second interval. The timer plate 176 is continuously rotating during these last described operations, and, accordingly, continues to rotate. Approximately 45 seconds after the last-mentioned motor reversal, the pin 182 is brought into contact with the actuator 186' by the continued rotation of the timer disc 176, the actuator 186 is released from its depressed condition. Now, the motor 156 is de-energized and the centrifuge head is brought to a halt.

The tubes 150 with their now partially packed red cell layer, are each compared with the initial level and a ratio taken which is reflective of the sedimentation rate of the sample. It is possible then to subject the tubes and the samples therein to substantially greater G force, such as 100 G in a conventional centrifuge so as to fully pack the red cells. The ratio of the fully packed cell level to the partially packed level is taken. This ratio, the resultant sedimentation rate taken to provide what can be described as a Zeta Sedimentation Ratio, is independent of the effect of hematocrit and is related to the state of health of the source individual. The term Zeta" refers to the Zeta potential between cells. The Zeta potential to which reference is made is effected by the concentration of asymmetrical protein molecules in the blood such as fibrinogen, gamma globuin, etc. The Zeta Sedimentation Ratio" in a fashion analogous to the sedimentation rate has been found to be indicative of the state of health of the source individual. Unlike sedimentation rate determinations per se which measure rate of red cell fall, the value described here as the Zeta Sedimentation Ratio or ZSR provides a determination of the packing factor or closeness of packing of the cells. As a result, the ZSR is independent of the effect of hematocrit, the relative quantity of red cells in the whole blood sample.

What it is desired to be secured by Letters Patent of the United States is:

1. A sedimentation rate centrifuge comprising, a centrifuge head, a driven shaft mounting said head for rotation therewith and a drive motor coupled to said driven shaft for imparting rotative motion thereto about the axis of said head in intermittent periods of predetermined duration to generate centrifugal force applicable in a direction generally normal to its axis of rotation, said centrifuge head comprising a body, sample tube holder means carried by said body near the periphery thereof, said sample tube holder means each constructed and arranged to receive elongate sample tubes each containing a thin column of blood and each vertically arranged and oriented substantially parallel to the axis of rotation of said body so that the centrifugal force is applied laterally to the long axis of said sample tubes, means for causing periodic rotation of each of said sample tube holder means and associated sample tube about its own long axis between each application of centrifugal force and when said body is substantially at rest.

2. The centrifuge as claimed in claim 1 in which said body comprises a spool carrying said sample tube holder means, said means for periodically rotating said sample tube holder means and associated sample tubes comprise a spur gear mounted in association with the driven shaft and pinion gear means secured to each of said sample tube holder means and engaged with said spur gear and cooperating means on said spur gear and spool for limiting axial rotation of each one of said pinion gear means to 180 about its own long axis.

3. The centrifuge as claimed in claim 2 in which said cooperating means comprise a pin on one of said spur gear and spool and an arcuate slot on the other of said spur gear and spool, the pin being received and movable within the slot and the length of the slot determining the maximum rotational movement of each of said pinion gear means about their own axes.

4. The centrifuge as claimed in claim 2 wherein the spool is coupled to the driven shaft for rotation therewith and the spur gear is arranged coaxially relative to said spool but for free rotation about said shaft.

5. The centrifuge as claimed in claim 4 wherein said pinion gear means are arranged to engage said spur gear, rotation of said spool first effecting rotation of said pinion gear means, said cooperating means thereafter coupling said spool and spur gear for rotation together about their common axis.

6. The centrifuge as claimed in claim 5 and timing means for controlling the duration of centrifugation.

7. The centrifuge as claimed in claim 6 and timing means for periodically causing reversal of the direction of rotation of said head.

8. The centrifuge as claimed in claim 2 and means for preventing relative movement of the spool and spur gear during application of said greater than gravity force.

9. The centrifuge as claimed in claim 8 in which said last-mentioned means comprises interlock means including a lever pivotally secured to said spool, one end of said lever including a mass, rotation of the spur gear and spool simultaneously causing the mass to swing outward driving the opposition end of the lever to engage the spur gear, deceleration of the spur gear enabling the mass to return to its rest condition disengaging the lever from the spur gear and thereby restricting relative rotation of the spur gear and pinion gear means to selected periods.

10. The centrifuge as claimed in claim 2 in which means are provided selectively to rotate each of the sample tube holder means along its own axis and include means selectively to couple and uncouple said spur gear and said pinion gear means, said means comprising a solenoid, a lever operated by said solenoid and cam and follower means operable by said lever to rotate the spur gear and means synchronizing the energization of the solenoid with the operation of the motor so that the solenoid is energized only when the motor is inoperative.

11. The centrifuge as claimed in claim 2 in which said spur gear is adapted to be rotated first in one direction and then in the opposite direction.

12. The centrifuge as claimed in claim 2 in which said motor is of the reversible type, timer means for periodically changing the direction of rotation of the centrifuge head for each period, said spur gear being arranged to rotate said pinion gears each time the centrifuge head is rotated in a new direction.

13. The centrifuge as claimed in claim 1 and timing means for periodically controlling the duration of centrifugation.

14. The centrifuge as claimed in claim 1 and timing means for controlling the total duration of centrifugation and the respective cycle durations.

15. The centrifuge as claimed in claim 1 and means for applying a gradual braking force to said body at the termination of each application of centrifugal force to bring the body gradually to rest.

16. The centrifuge as claimed in claim 15 wherein said means for applying a gradual braking force comprise friction means applied directly to said body.

17. The centrifuge as claimed in claim 1 wherein said drive motor is reversible and timing means are provided coupled to said drive motor for controlling the operation thereof to define said intermittent periods of predetermined duration, each of said periods being initiated by reversal of said drive motor.

18. The centrifuge as claimed in claim 17 wherein said timing means comprise a timing motor, a timing disc, first switch means coupled to said drive motor for deenergizing same, second switch means for reversing said motor, means for coupling said timing motor to said timing disc, means on said timing disc constructed and arranged to engage said first switch means after an elapse of time equal to the total cycle duration and second means on said timing disc constructed and arranged to engage said second switch means periodically to reverse the direction of said drive motor, said second means on said timing disc being adjustably positioned thereon whereby to determine the interval between drive motor reversals.

19. The centrifuge as claimed in claim 17 and said means for causing periodic rotation of each of said sample tube holder means about its own long axis comprising said pinion gear means being coupled between the drive motor and said tube holder means for effecting said axial rotation immediately subsequent to periodic drive motor reversal but only while said body is substantially at rest.

20. The centrifuge as claimed in claim 19 and a lost motion connection between said centrifuge head and said gear means to limit the degree of said rotation of said holder means about their own long axes. 

1. A sedimentation rate centrifuge comprising, a centrifuge head, a driven shaft mounting said head for rotation therewith and a drive motor coupled to said driven shaft for imparting rotative motion thereto about the axis of said head in intermittent periods of predetermined duration to generate centrifugal force applicable in a direction generally normal to its axis of rotation, said centrifuge head comprising a body, sample tube holder means carried by said body near the periphery thereof, said sample tube holder means each constructed and arranged to receive elongate sample tubes each containing a thin column of blood and each vertically arranged and oriented substantially parallel to the axis of rotation of said body so that the centrifugal force is applied laterally to the long axis of said sample tubes, means for causing periodic rotation of each of said sample tube holder means and associated sample tube about its own long axis between each application of centrifugal force and when said body is substantially at rest.
 2. The centrifuge as claimed in claim 1 in which said body comprises a spool carrying said sample tube holder means, said means for periodically rotating said sample tube holder means and associated sample tubes comprise a spur gear mounted in association with the driven shaft and pinion gear means secured to each of said sample tube holder means and engaged with said spur gear and cooperating means on said spur gear and spool for limiting axial rotation of each one of said pinion gear means to 180* about its own long axis.
 3. The centrifuge as claimed in claim 2 in which said cooperating means comprise a pin on one of said spur gear and spool and an arcuate slot on the other of said spur gear and spool, the pin being received and movable within the slot and the length of the slot determining the maximum rotational movement of each of said pinion gear means about their own axes.
 4. The centrifuge as claimed in claim 2 wherein the spool is coupled to the driven shaft for rotation therewith and the spur gear is arranged coaxially relative to said spool but for free rotation about said shaft.
 5. The centrifuge as claimed in claim 4 wherein said pinion gear means are arranged to engage said spur gear, rotation of said spool first effecting rotation of said pinion gear means, said cooperating means thereafter coupling said spool and spur gear for rotation together about their common axis.
 6. The centrifuge as claimed in claim 5 and timing means for controlling the duration of centrifugation.
 7. The centrifuge as claimed in claim 6 and timing means for periodically causing reversal of the direction of rotation of said head.
 8. The centrifuge as claimed in claim 2 and means for preventing relative movement of the spool and spur gear during application of said greater than gravity force.
 9. The centrifuge as claimed in claim 8 in which said last-mentioned means comprises interlock means including a lever pivotally secured to said spool, one end of said lever including a mass, rotation of the spur gear and spool simultaneously causing the mass to swing outward driving the opposition end of the lever to engage the spur gear, deceleration of the spur gear enabling the mass to return to its rest condition disengaging the lever from the spur gear and thereby restricting relative rotation of the spur gear and pinion gear means to selected periods.
 10. The centrifuge as claimed in claim 2 in which means are provided selectively to rotate each of the sample tube holder means along its own axis and include means selectively to couple and uncouple said spur gear and said pinion gear means, said means comprising a solenoid, a lever operated by said solenoid and cam and follower means operable by said lever to rotate the spur gear and means synchronizing the energization of the solenoid with the operation of the motor so that the solenoid is energized only when the motor is inoperative.
 11. The centrifuge as claimed in claim 2 in which said spur gear is adapted to be rotated first in one direction and then in the opposite direction.
 12. The centrifuge as claimed in claim 2 in which said motor is of the reversible type, timer means for periodically changing the direction of rotation of the centrifuge head for each period, said spur gear being arranged to rotate said pinion gears each time the centrifuge head is rotated in a new direction.
 13. The centrifuge as claimed in claim 1 and timing means for periodically controlling the duration of centrifugation.
 14. The centrifuge as claimed in claim 1 and timing means for controlling the total duration of centrifugation and the respective cycle durations.
 15. The centrifuge as claimed in claim 1 and means for applying a gradual braking force to said body at the termination of each application of centrifugal force to bring the body gradually to rest.
 16. The centrifuge as claimed in claim 15 wherein said means for applying a gradual braking force comprise friction means applied directly to said body.
 17. The centrifuge as claimed in claim 1 wherein said drive motor is reversible and timing means are provided coupled to said drive motor for controlling the operation thereof to define said intermittent periods of predetermined duration, each of said periods being initiated by reversal of said drive motor.
 18. The centrifuge as claimed in claim 17 wherein said timing means comprise a timing motor, a timing disc, first switch means coupled to said drive motor for deenergizing same, second switch means for reversing said motor, means for coupling said timing motor to said timing disc, means on said timing disc constructed and arranged to engage said first switch means after an elapse of time equal to the total cycle duration and second means on said timing disc constructed and arranged to engage said second switch means periodically to reverse the direction of said drive motor, said second means on said timing disc being adjustably positioned thereon whereby to determine the interval between drive motor reversals.
 19. The centrifuge as claimed in claim 17 and said means for causing periodic rotation of each of said sample tube holder means about its own long axis comprising said pinion gear means being coupled between the drive motor and said tube holder means for effecting said axial rotation immediately subsequent to periodic drive motor reversal but only while said body is substantially at rest.
 20. The centrifuge as claimed in claim 19 and a lost motion connection between said centrifuge head and said gear means to limit the degree of said rotation of said holder means about their own long axes. 